Lo scopo di questo post è spiegare i passaggi coinvolti nell'aumento del filesystem /boot, quando non è disponibile spazio sufficiente per installare il nuovo pacchetto del kernel. Sebbene disponiamo di metodi standard per ridurre la dimensione di /boot, ovvero rimuovere il kernel e i file di immagine inutilizzati dall'avvio, come approccio alternativo, questo post illustra i passaggi per espandere le dimensioni della partizione di avvio.
Il seguente dovrebbe essere lo scenario in cui questo può essere applicato,
- Macchina ospite OVM/Vmware.
- Il backup degli ospiti deve essere preso da OVM/Vmware.
- /boot non in LVM, mentre altri filesystem del sistema operativo utilizzano LVM.
I passaggi
1. Aggiungi un nuovo disco (la dimensione del nuovo disco deve essere uguale o maggiore della dimensione del gruppo di volumi esistente) e usa "fdisk -l" per controllare il disco appena aggiunto. per esempio. /dev/sdb
# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 55.3 GB, 55278469120 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6720 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00068fe8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 102400 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 13 6721 53878784 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 60.7 GB, 60673785856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7376 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000
2. Partiziona il disco appena aggiunto e cambia il tipo in Linux LVM.
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-7376, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-7376, default 7376): +56G
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 60.7 GB, 60673785856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7376 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xbd30352b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 7311 58725576 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks. 3. Creare un volume fisico sul disco partizionato, ad es. /dev/sdb1:
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
4. Verificare il nome del gruppo di volumi. Aggiungi il volume fisico al gruppo di volumi esistente.
# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree VolGroup 1 4 0 wz--n- 51.38g 42.98g
# vgextend VolGroup /dev/sdb1 Volume group "VolGroup" successfully extended
5. Migrare il volume fisico dal disco esistente (/dev/sda2) a quello appena creato (/dev/sdb1). Quindi riduci il gruppo di volumi esistente.
# pvmove /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda2: Moved: 0.2% /dev/sda2: Moved: 11.6% /dev/sda2: Moved: 15.2% /dev/sda2: Moved: 17.4% /dev/sda2: Moved: 19.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 22.1% /dev/sda2: Moved: 24.5% /dev/sda2: Moved: 26.6% /dev/sda2: Moved: 28.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 31.2% /dev/sda2: Moved: 35.6% /dev/sda2: Moved: 38.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 41.3% /dev/sda2: Moved: 46.5% /dev/sda2: Moved: 52.3% /dev/sda2: Moved: 100.0%
# vgreduce VolGroup /dev/sda2 Removed "/dev/sda2" from volume group "VolGroup"
6. Elimina la partizione /dev/sda2:
# fdisk -cu /dev/sda Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-4): 2 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 55.3 GB, 55278469120 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6720 cylinders, total 107965760 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00068fe8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
7. Smonta/avvia:
# umount /boot
8. Controllare i blocchi di inizio e fine di /dev/sda1. Quindi elimina la partizione /dev/sda1 e crea una nuova partizione /dev/sda1 con lo stesso blocco iniziale ed estendi le dimensioni quanto necessario.
# fdisk -cu /dev/sda
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 55.3 GB, 55278469120 bytes
224 heads, 19 sectors/track, 25367 cylinders, total 107965760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00068fe8
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First sector (2048-107965759, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-107965759, default 107965759): +1000M
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 55.3 GB, 55278469120 bytes
224 heads, 19 sectors/track, 25367 cylinders, total 107965760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00068fe8
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 2048 2050047 1024000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks. 9.Controlla il file system di /dev/sda1:
# e2fsck -f /dev/sda1 e2fsck 1.43-WIP (20-Jun-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/sda1: 45/25688 files (6.7% non-contiguous), 88803/102400 blocks
10. Ridimensiona il file system:
# resize2fs /dev/sda1 resize2fs 1.43-WIP (20-Jun-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/sda1 to 1024000 (1k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/sda1 is now 1024000 blocks long.
11. Monta/avvia.
# mount /boot
12. Dopo tutti questi passaggi, la dimensione del filesystem /boot verrà estesa. Puoi verificarlo usando il comando 'df -h'.
# df -h /boot