Lo scopo di questo post è spiegare i passaggi coinvolti nell'aumento del filesystem /boot, dove il tipo di filesystem è XFS e quando non è disponibile spazio sufficiente per installare un nuovo pacchetto del kernel. Sebbene disponiamo di metodi standard per ridurre la dimensione di /boot, ovvero rimuovere il kernel e i file di immagine inutilizzati dall'avvio, come approccio alternativo questo post illustra i passaggi per espandere la dimensione della partizione di avvio.
Il seguente dovrebbe essere lo scenario in cui questo può essere applicato:
- Macchina ospite OVM/Vmware.
- Il backup degli ospiti deve essere preso da OVM/Vmware.
- /boot non in LVM, mentre altri filesystem del sistema operativo utilizzano LVM.
Segui questi passaggi per espandere le dimensioni della partizione di avvio.
1. Aggiungi un nuovo disco (la dimensione del nuovo disco deve essere uguale o maggiore della dimensione del gruppo di volumi esistente) e usa "fdisk -l" per controllare il disco appena aggiunto. per esempio. /dev/sdb:
# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1026048 63852543 31413248 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 45.6 GB, 45642022912 bytes, 89144576 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/ol-root: 30.0 GB, 29972496384 bytes, 58540032 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/mapper/ol-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
2. Partiziona il disco appena aggiunto e cambia il tipo in Linux LVM:
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xef10e36e.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-89144575, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-89144575, default 89144575):
Using default value 89144575
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 42.5 GiB is set
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 45.6 GB, 45642022912 bytes, 89144576 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xef10e36e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 89144575 44571264 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks. 3. Creare un volume fisico sul disco partizionato, ad es. /dev/sdb1.
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
4. Verificare il nome del gruppo di volumi. Aggiungi il volume fisico al gruppo di volumi esistente.
# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree ol 1 2 0 wz--n- 29.96g 44.00m
# vgextend ol /dev/sdb1 Volume group "ol" successfully extended
5. Migrare il volume fisico dal disco esistente (/dev/sda2) a quello appena creato (/dev/sdb1). Quindi riduci il gruppo di volumi esistente.
# pvmove /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda2: Moved: 0.1% /dev/sda2: Moved: 6.7% /dev/sda2: Moved: 8.1% /dev/sda2: Moved: 22.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 32.6% /dev/sda2: Moved: 53.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 76.9% /dev/sda2: Moved: 78.2% /dev/sda2: Moved: 100.0%
# vgreduce ol /dev/sda2 Removed "/dev/sda2" from volume group "ol"
6. Elimina la partizione /dev/sda2.
# fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): d Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2 Partition 2 is deleted Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
7. Smonta/avvia:
# umount /boot
8. Controllare i blocchi di inizio e fine di /dev/sda1. Quindi elimina la partizione /dev/sda1 e crea una nuova partizione /dev/sda1 con lo stesso blocco iniziale ed estendi le dimensioni quanto necessario.
# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-63853567, default 2048): 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-63853567, default 63853567): +1000M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1000 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 32.7 GB, 32693026816 bytes, 63853568 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0007bf28
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 2048 2050047 1024000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks. 9. Controlla il file system di /dev/sda1:
# xfs_repair /dev/sda1 Phase 1 - find and verify superblock... Phase 2 - using internal log - zero log... - scan filesystem freespace and inode maps... - found root inode chunk Phase 3 - for each AG... - scan and clear agi unlinked lists... - process known inodes and perform inode discovery... - agno = 0 - agno = 1 - agno = 2 - agno = 3 - process newly discovered inodes... Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks... - setting up duplicate extent list... - check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks... - agno = 0 - agno = 1 - agno = 2 - agno = 3 Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees... - reset superblock... Phase 6 - check inode connectivity... - resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes - traversing filesystem ... - traversal finished ... - moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ... Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts... done
10. Ridimensiona il file system:
# xfs_growfs -d /dev/sda1 xfs_growfs: /dev/sda1 is not a mounted XFS filesystem
11. Monta/avvia.
# mount /boot
12. Dopo tutti questi passaggi, la dimensione del filesystem /boot verrà estesa. Puoi verificarlo usando il comando 'df -h'.
# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ol-root 28G 1.6G 27G 6% / devtmpfs 863M 0 863M 0% /dev tmpfs 873M 0 873M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 873M 8.5M 865M 1% /run tmpfs 873M 0 873M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 175M 0 175M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sda1 497M 147M 351M 30% /boot